Proper Management Of Water Resources Research Articles

Adapting reservoir operations for optimal water management under varying climate and demand scenarios using metaheuristic algorithms

The operational rule curve is significant for proper reservoir operations and water resources management of the dam. The optimisation of the release policy is rather a complicated and stochastic problem. Various types of algorithms have been used to develop the release policy for the Klang Gate Dam (KGD), but alas, climate parameters associated with climate change, be it regional or globally, e.g., temperature factors, had not been considered then. In this study, the consideration of maximum and minimum temperature factors is given emphasis, while water demand is evaluated in the optimisation problem using simulation-optimisation approaches. The support vector regression simulation model (SVRS), and the multilayer perceptron simulation model (MLPS) were used to simulate the demand for the scenario cases. SVRS utilises the hyperplane theory to study the relationship between the input and output data, whereas MLPS employs the human neural system to weight and process the inputs via multiple layers of neurons into a targeted output. Four distinct types of simulation-optimisation combination model, including the SVRS-firefly algorithm (SVRS-FA), the SVRS-particle swarm optimisation (SVRS-PSO), the MLPS-firefly algorithm (MLPS-FA), and the MLPS-particle swarm optimisation (MLPS-PSO), were applied and investigated. The ultimate goal of this study was to minimise the water deficit. The PSO optimisation models overall have outperformed the FA optimisation models in all aspects. The periodic reliability of the MLPS-PSO was found to be the highest when the minimum temperature scenario was considered, and is 0.6491, with the least shortage period of 80 months. The MLPS-PSO is also the most resilient model in the same scenario, with a resilience value of 0.6750. Whereas the SVRS-PSO was the least vulnerable model in the minimum temperature scenario with the lowest shortage index of 0.0047 and a volumetric deficiency of about 2.44 MCM in total. The SVRS-PSO model showed excellent performance for high and low inflow conditions, while the MLPS-PSO model was better during medium inflows. In short, each of the models investigated has its particular field of advancement, but since the maximum temperatures sounded critical, additional research for the maximum temperature case could be pursued further in depth.

Hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater quality during the pre- monsoon season of Manipur, India

ABSTRACT The water quality index (WQI) and irrigational index for groundwater were studied in the northeastern section of the Manipur Valley in northeast India. Water samples were collected in 2022 during the pre-monsoon season. To compute the water quality index for drinking water, the basic chemical parameters of total hardness, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Carbonate were used. The assessment of bacteriological quality is also done, which is crucial for overall water quality evaluation, alongside physical and chemical analyze. For determining irrigation suitability, irrigational indices such as sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, and magnesium hazard were calculated. WQI, %Na+, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard, permeability Index and total hardness indicate that most water samples are harmless for irrigation and drinking purpose. They have affirmative relationships indicating that these characteristics are interdependent. Approximately 25% of the Piedmont zone groundwater is found to be unfit for agricultural and drinking usage. The encrustation of gypsum, halite, and evaporation into the Disang shares accelerate the dissolution of ions in Piedmont water, resulting in quality degradation. According to Gibbs plots, Durov Scatter Plot, and Hill Piper Trilinear Diagram of water dominated the rock-weathering process, while hydrochemical facies progressed from the beginning to the intermediate stage of Chadha’s graphical representation illustrates the progression of hydrochemical processes in surface water. Therefore, proper integrated water resource management and development are required for effective water resource utilization, particularly around the Piedmont zone. In recent years, the quality of groundwater has caused a significant deal of alarm, and an increasing number of studies relating to it have been published. The geological, structural, and geomorphological features in the intermontane Imphal Valley in Manipur, India, were identified using SRTM DEM data by QGIS Software. This area has simple geology and structural elements, making it an appropriate site to evaluate the use of remote sensing and GIS tools in geological studies. To prevent a water crisis, groundwater resources must be managed sustainably. The current study also concentrated on a bibliometric examination of groundwater management and access to gauge the state of the field. A bibliometric examination of these papers may offer insight into current research and trends. We are the first to join Groundwater Quality Assessment with bibliometric analysis. This prediction, if taken into consideration strategically during the planning of preventive measures for groundwater quality can help to analyze future evaluation to a great extent.

The Design of a Process for Adsorbing and Eluting Chromium (VI) Using Fixed-Bed Columns of E. crassipes with Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP)

Proper water resource management is a critical global objective, both privately and in business, due to the continuous deterioration of this valuable resource. Scientific research in environmental sciences has made significant progress in the development and achievements of treatment. The use of transformed E. crassipes biomass with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) can help to achieve this important goal. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental process for the continuous adsorption and elution of chromium (VI) using fixed-bed columns of E. crassipes biomass modified with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Additionally, design tools were created, and economic viability was assessed by analyzing adsorption capacity indicators and unit production costs of different biomasses. Treatment systems were designed and constructed to remove chromium from tannery wastewater, ensuring that the levels were below the current environmental regulations of 0.05 mg/L Cr(VI). The biomass had an adsorption capacity of 98 mg/g and was produced at a low cost of 8.5 dollars. This resulted in an indicator of 11.5 g Cr(VI)/(USD) when combined with the elution processes. The proposed strategy, which utilizes entirely green technologies, enables the recovery and valorization of water resources. This makes it an effective tool for the circular economy.

Analysis of spatiotemporal variations of drought and soil salinity via integrated multiscale and remote sensing-based techniques (Case study: Urmia Lake basin)

In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of drought and salinity were assessed for the Urmia Lake basin, which is a very critical and challenging ecosystem problem. The lowering of water level in the Urmia Lake and the associated risk of becoming a completely saline land has become an important issue in Iran. In the first step of the study, using the ground- and satellite-based datasets, a new multiscale technique based on Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) and Differential Symbolic Entropy (DSE) was proposed to monitor the variations of drought in the selected region. In the next step, variations in the water level and salinity of Urmia Lake and its impacts on the environment were investigated using satellite datasets. Results showed that the Southern parts of the basin were more prone to severe droughts, and there was a direct relationship between entropy and drought intensity. Based on the results, it was concluded that climate change had an impact on the shrinkage of the lake; however, these changes were not solely responsible of causing the dramatic water loss of the Lake. Variations of the Salinity Index (SI) showed that saline lands were mostly seen in the Eastern and Southern parts of the lake, causing negative impacts on air quality and agricultural activities in these parts. It was found that the proper management of water resources would play an effective role in the restoration of the lake.

Aquifers and Groundwater: Challenges and Opportunities in Water Resource Management in Colombia

Water is essential for life on Earth, playing fundamental roles in climate regulation, ecosystem maintenance, and domestic, agricultural, and industrial processes. A total of 70% of the planet is covered by water. However, only 2.5% is fresh water, and much of it is inaccessible. Groundwater is the main source of the planet’s available water resources. For that reason, groundwater is a critically important resource, and is increasingly vulnerable due to the climate crisis and contamination. These challenges threaten the availability of clean and safe water, necessitating an understanding of effective and sustainable management. This review presents an overview of the concepts of aquifers and groundwater. Also, it reflects on the importance of these resources in developing countries such as Colombia (South America). In addition, it considers the characteristics of mineral waters, their uses, and associated risks, as well as their exploration and control policies. Colombia is a country with immense water and biological wealth and is crucial to maintaining the climate and availability of global water resources. Nevertheless, managing Colombia’s aquifers is a challenge, as many have not yet been fully explored. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to study hydrogeochemistry through the application of advanced technologies to analyze the dynamics, distribution, and quality of groundwater, as well as its vulnerability to pollution and climate change. On the other hand, the consumption of mineral groundwater can have health benefits, such as positive cardiovascular and gastrointestinal effects. But geogenic, biogenic, or anthropogenic elements such as heavy metals and microplastics can pose a risk to human health. The need for proper management of water resources to prevent risks to human health and the environment is emphasized. Therefore, an integrated approach to water resource management will ensure conservation and sustainable use, secure a continuous supply of freshwater, and facilitate adaptation to climate change.

Wavelet analysis of rainfall and application of hydrological model in a semi‐arid river basin of Rajasthan, India

AbstractRainfall–runoff modeling requires a selection of a suitable hydrologic model for the determination of an accurate quantity. A better understanding of rainfall–runoff processes is important for stream flow generation within a river basin. This study investigate the long‐term spatial–temporal trend of rainfall and streamflow using the hydrologic engineering center‐hydrologic modeling system (HEC‐HMS) model to understand the rainfall–runoff dynamics in the Banas River basin. Rainfall variability was analyzed for two periods: 1971–1995 and 1996–2020. Continuous wavelet transform was used to analyze the periodicity and the inter‐seasonal relationship in rainfall. HEC‐GeoHMS was used to generate the various inputs for the hydrologic modeling inputs for the HEC‐HMS model. Initial constant loss and ModClark transform method were used to set up the HEC‐HMS model for the study area. Calibration and validation of the model were performed using 3 years of observed data 2010–2012 and 2013–2015, respectively. Statistical model efficiency was checked using the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, and root mean squared error to evaluate the performance of the HEC‐HMS model. The finding indicated that the R2 values are 0.80 for calibration and 0.82 for validation periods, respectively, which are in good arrangement with the measured values. This study analyzes the relationship between rainfall and runoff, which will aid in proper and efficient water resource management.

Morphometry, Water Availability and Sediment Transport in the River Renato Watershed, Southern Amazon

The reduction in surface water availability in the Brazilian Amazon biome is associated with anthropic activities and climate change, facts that have driven hydrological monitoring studies. Such studies seek to understand the hydrological responses to changes in land use and land cover, aiming at the proper management of water resources in Amazonian river basins. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the physiographic characteristics and establish liquid and solid rating curves of the Renato river sub-basin, a tributary of the Teles Pires river, under conditions of restricted data. Measurements of quota, liquid flow (QL) and solid flows in suspension (Qss) and drag (Qsa) took place monthly between February 2019 and November 2022, composing 28 and 16 (fluviometric station 1) and 21 and 16 (station fluviometric 2) measurements of QL, Qss and Qsa, respectively. Physiographic characteristics were determined using the QGIS 3.16.11 software. The Renato River sub-basin had a regular drainage density = 0.505 km km-2, an elongated shape and low probability of flooding (Kf = 0.19; Kc = 2.17 and Ic = 0.21) and the relief varied from flat to strongly undulating (0 to 30%). Regardless of the hydrological section, the statistical performance of the regression models for suspended and total solid flows (Qst) could have been better. It is concluded that the Renato River watershed is little susceptible to extreme flood events due to its elongated shape and regular drainage density. The evaluated regression models adjusted satisfactorily for QL and unsatisfactorily for Qss and Qst. Therefore, there is still a need to continue studies with hydrosedimentological monitoring to build rating curves that accurately estimate the liquid and solid flows.

Role of Water Users Association in Water Resources Management: A Case Study of Sanya-Kware Sub-Catchment, Tanzania

Many African governments have adopted decentralization policy by establishing water management structures to assist in the water resources management. Formation of new water user associations were considered to work on behalf of Basin Water Boards; To collect water user fees,to manage, distribute and conserve water from a source used jointly by the members of the association, to resolve conflicts between members of the association related to the joint use of a water resource  through established laws, to protect and conserve water sources and environments. However, it is not clear how the new water user associations functions to realize the goals of integrated water resources management. This study assessed the role of a newly created water user association in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment . The paper is based on three months of research in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment, Tanzania. The method used included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observations in  the sub-catchment.  Interviews and discussions were held with the leaders   of Sanya-Kware sub-catchment water user association, estates farm managers,Water Supply Trustees Managers,farmers and the Pangani Basin Water Office staff.  Field observations at the Sub-Catchment were carried to enhance quality of data. The results shows that the newly created Sanya-Kware sub-catchment water user association has not united all water users, reduced conflicts, nor promoted education to farmers on proper management of water resources. Farmers interviewed in the highland state that Sanya-Kware water users association is an association of few people and therefore has no legitimacy. This is mainly because in the highland,farmers have sufficient water and also they were not properly involved in the formation of the association. However, the water user association legitimacy and hence its functioning improves as one moves from highland to lowland areas where water is scarce. Although some of the water users from the village are cooperating others are reluctant to accept the newly created Water Users Association  in management of water resources.The complexity of the interaction between the state-led water user association and existing water  users appear to highlight the challenges of implementing integrated water resources management in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment. In order for the water user association to be effective, Pangani Basin Water Board need to put more emphasis on water users' education and awareness training at the sub-catchment level.

RESEARCH OF THE PROCESSES OF MINERALIZATION OF DRINKING WATER BY CERAMIC MINERALIZERS FOR DOMESTIC WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS

The role of fresh water in the formation of the state is considered and it is determined that proper management of water resources is a critical component of increasing the standard of living of the population of all countries of the world, both from the point of view of the development of the industrial complex of the state and ensuring the health of the nation. However, the growing level of pollution of water bodies, significant deterioration of the water infrastructure of cities and sometimes the impossibility of restoring it due to active hostilities lead to a significant decrease in the quality of drinking water in Ukraine. An effective solution to this problem is the use of household filtration systems. Among their significant variety, the most widespread are reverse osmosis systems that can effectively purify water from heavy metals, soluble salts of viruses and microorganisms. Their main disadvantage is the extremely low salt content of 1520 mg/l, which requires domineralization up to 200 mg/ml. Existing systems of premineralization of drinking water are characterized by exceeding the limit values of salt content (saline) or instability of the level of mineralization (mineral). That is why the urgent task is the development of innovativemineralizers for drinking water with prolonged action based on non-cost domestic raw materials and the study of mineralization processes. The obtained data on the salt content of the solution after aging with mineralizers made it possible to confirm the assumption of a significant influence of the ratio of the surface area of the mineralizer to the volume of water on the rate of the leaching process. With a ratio of 0.4 cm2/ml, the minimum recommended level ofsalt content is achieved after 7 hours of exposure at a stable pH level (8.158.70). A study of the effect of cyclic water replacement on the level of salt content indicates minor changes in its values when held for one (71.1–79.0 mg/l) and three (136.9–140.3 mg/l) hours, which may indicate prolonged action mineralizer. The total hardness of water after 24 hours of exposure to a mineralizer is 1.55 mmol/l, the concentration of Ca2+ is 19 mg/l and Mg2+ is 7.2 mg/l, whichmeets the requirements of regulatory documents.

Water footprint of batik-making process: a case study on small enterprise in Laweyan, Surakarta City, Indonesia

Currently, water is a product of economic value because groundwater scarcity is starting to occur everywhere. Improving water quality and efficiency is one of the targets in the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Generally, the batik-making process by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) uses groundwater in the process. It will cause negative environmental impacts. This research examines the water footprint of batik-making SMEs in Laweyan, Surakarta City, Indonesia, which use combination methods and synthetic dyes. Direct groundwater use for making batik cloth resulted a blue water footprint of 1.38 L/m2. Simultaneously, the grey water footprint is calculated by calculating the water needed to dilute COD from production, resulting in a value of 14.60 L/m2. The results showed that the water footprint of the batik-making process requires 15.94 L/m2 of water. The 1st washing requires more water than the other production stages. Reducing the water footprint in the batik industry can be done through proper management of water resources so that not only conserves water for humans and the ecosystem but also preserves batik as a cultural heritage.

Woda a energetyka w obliczu wyzwań i realizacji celów zrównoważonego rozwoju

Knowing that the water covers 72% of the globe's surface makes us treat it as an unlimited and universal good. The growth of the human population is related to the needs for food and energy production, and water is essential for this. Water is used in households in agriculture, in water transport, in electricity production and in all industries. The needs of individual economic sectors in terms of the use of water resources may differ and even be contradictory. Therefore, the role of proper management of water resources is very important. It should take into account both the needs of the population and the economy, as well as the requirements for the protection of water and related ecosystems, as well as issues related to protection against floods and drought, and each of us can take action to save the water.

Automatic detection of water surfaces using K-means++ clustering algorithm with Landsat-9 and Sentinel-2 images on the Google Earth Engine Platform

Water is the most essential requirement for sustaining the life cycle on Earth. These resources are constantly dynamic due to anthropogenic and climatological effects. Therefore, management and consistent water policies are necessary to be followed for the proper management of water resources. Monitoring water resources is possible by accurately determining the water surface boundaries and determining the change in water surface areas. In this context, the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were computed using JavaScript on the Google Earth Engine through Landsat-9 and Sentinel-2 satellite images. Water pixels were extracted d from other details using the K-means++ cluster algorithm based on the calculated indices. The water surfaces were determined using the Otsu thresholding method, which is the most preferred method for the NDWI and MNDWI indices calculated from the Sentinel images and was used as verification data. The K-means++ clustering algorithm yielded successful results in detecting water surfaces. In the two indices used, the NDWI index was found to be more successful than the MNDWI index. For Landsat-9 images, OA, Kappa, and F1-scores in the NDWI index were calculated as 99.72%, 0.994, and 99.57%, respectively. The OA, Kappa, and F1-scores in the NDWI index for Sentinel-2 images were calculated as 99.39%, 0.986, and 99.04%, respectively. This study demonstrated that clustering algorithms can be successfully applied to automatically detect water surfaces.

Illuminating the complexity of hydrogeological regimes in fault-influenced, anticlinal karst aquifers: Insights into the recharge patterns in tectonically complex karst catchments

For many countries, karst aquifers are a significant source of potable water; thus, understanding their hydrogeological behavior is of great importance. However, in tectonically complex karst areas, knowledge of their hydrogeological behaviors has remained largely limited due to the high heterogeneity, often necessitating the use of costly and time-consuming techniques. In this study, spring discharge hydrographs, water balance estimates, hydrochemical and stable isotopic analyses, geomorphological surveys, and a consideration of the geological and structural setting of the study area were used to investigate the hydrogeological function of karst aquifers drained by two large permanent springs: the Bibitalkhone (Bt) and Sabzab (Sa) springs, located in a highly faulted catchment in the Zagros Mountains (southwest Iran). The results obtained from these different approaches suggested that fault-controlled, external waters from neighboring karst aquifers are responsible for more than two-thirds of the total discharge recorded at both springs. In this study, this predominantly conduit-type recharge is referred to as “regional (or external) autogenic recharge”. A smaller portion of the springs’ discharge (∼25% and ∼5% of the Bt and Sa springs’ discharge, respectively) originates from internal waters associated with the springs’ host aquifer, which is supplied by rainfall and infiltrates into the subsurface via joints and fractures. This type of recharge is largely diffuse and is referred to here as “local (or internal) autogenic recharge”. A relatively large portion of the Sa Spring’s discharge (∼35%) originates from a nearby dam reservoir, which can leak into the host spring aquifer through joints and fractures. This type of recharge is described as “local (or internal) allogenic recharge” and is primarily diffuse. The results of this study demonstrate that the karst aquifers in the downstream catchments can supply a stable and continuous source of potable groundwater that can meet the region’s annual consumption, agricultural, and industrial demands. This study will provide insights into the hydrogeological regimes of fault-influenced aquifers, contributing to the sustainable development and proper management of water resources in tectonically complex karst catchments.

Assessment of the hydrogeochemical and isotopic characterization and hydraulic behavior of the Izeh complex karstic area, Khuzestan province, southwest Iran

Proper water resources management requires recognizing and evaluating the factors that affect the quantity and quality of water resources. The Ilam-Sarvak (Upper Cretaceous) and Asmari (Oligocene to Miocene) limestone- dolomite formations in the Zagros structural belt have formed a promising karst groundwater horizon. In the present study, the hydraulic relationship between the karst structures of the Izeh territory in the northeast of Khuzestan province was investigated using hydrogeochemical and isotopic information of springs and wells. The results enabled to understand various components influencing the recharge of water resources. In this study, samples were collected from the karst springs and wells of Mongasht, Shavish-Tanosh and Kamarderaz anticlines and Naal-e-Asbi (Horseshoe) syncline and meteoric water to understand the hydrochemical and isotopic characterization, and hydrogeological and hydraulic behavior of the Izeh karst system. The meteoric and groundwater samples were analyzed to determine major and minor ion concentrations and δ18O and δ2H isotope ratios. Isotopic content ranged from -31.6 to -2.9‰ and from -6.32 to -1.87‰ for δ2H and δ18O, respectively, and d-excess values were high and positive. The study of the isotopic content of water samples of springs and wells in the region shows three groups of water sources. The first group, related to the Mongasht anticline springs, has lower isotopic values, indicating that it is recharged by rainfall at high altitudes and snow melting. The isotopic value of the second group is richer than that of the first group, indicating rainfall recharge as well as groundwater mixing (ex­amples of Naal-e-Asbi syncline and Shavish-Tanosh anticline). The highest value in the third group (samples of Kamarderaz anticline) is attributed to evaporation and longer distance from the recharge site to the discharge point, as well as to the diffu­sion system. The trend of decrease in Sr+2 and increase in Ba+2 in the samples of dolomitic limestone formations (Shavish Ta­nosh and Mongasht anticlines) compared to the water samples of Kamarderaz anticline and Naal-e-Asbi syncline indicates the possibility that karst aquifers of the region are recharged from the Mongasht anticline and that there is a hydraulic relation­ship between these structures. D-excess and δ18O show a linear trend, illustrating the effect of altitude difference on isotopic content and recharge sources. The major and minor changes in the concentration of ions, the isotopic content of groundwa­ter and the relationship between TDS and δ18O and d-excess and δ18O indicate the mixing and recharging of karst aquifers (Shavish-Tanosh, Kamarderaz and Naal-e-Asbi aquifers) from the Mongasht karst aquifer and their hydraulic connection.

Unintentional Recharge of Aquifers from Small Dams and Dykes in Spain: A GIS-Based Approach to Determine a Fractional Volume

Conducting an accurate hydrological water balance at the regional and country-wide scales is paramount to assessing available water resources and adequately allocating them. One of the main components of these balances is the anthropogenic recharge of groundwater either intentionally, through managed aquifer recharge (MAR), or unintentionally, where infiltration from dams and dykes can play a significant role. In Spain, proper management of water resources is critical due to the arid to semiarid conditions prevalent in most of the territory and the relevance of water resources for maintaining a robust agricultural sector. Previous work estimated country-wide recharge from MAR at 150 to 280 Mm3/year. Recently, water authorities pointed out that, according to hydrological water balances, the total unintentional recharge volume from water courses may exceed 500 Mm3/year. The present research aims to present a new inventory of transverse structures (also referred to as small dams and dykes) in Spain and use it to estimate country-wide unintentional recharge. The inventory, compiled by the Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, has 27,680 structures and includes construction and impoundment characteristics, which allow for estimating the wet perimeter and the infiltration area. To this end, structural data from the inventory were crossed through map algebra in a GIS environment with thematic layers, such as lithology, permeability, the digital elevation model, the transverse structures’ wetted area, the average groundwater levels, and a clogging correction factor. Two analytical formulas to compute infiltration from small dams and dykes were tested. The resulting volume of unintentional recharge from transverse structures ranges between 812.5 and 2716.6 Mm3/year. The comparison against regional and national water balances suggests that the lowest value of the range (i.e., 812.5 Mm3/year) is probably the most realistic. Anthropogenic recharge from MAR and transverse structures is likely in the range of 1012.5–1514.8 Mm3/year. This rough figure can help close the hydrological balance at the national and river basin levels and contribute to calibrating regional models. Furthermore, they provide an order of magnitude for anthropogenic recharge at a national scale, which is difficult to obtain.

Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review

Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health.

The Combined Power of Double Mass Curves and Bias Correction for the Maximisation of the Accuracy of an Ensemble Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimate Product

Precise estimation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall is essential for producing the reliable catchment response needed for proper management of water resources. However, in most parts of the world, gauged rainfall stations are sparsely distributed and fail to properly capture the spatial variability of rainfall. Furthermore, the gauged rainfall data can sometimes be of short length or require validation. Following this, we present a procedure that enhances the trustworthiness of gauged rainfall data and the accuracy of the rainfall estimations of five satellite-based precipitation estimate (SPE) products by validating them using the 1779 gauged rainfall stations across Thailand. The five SPE products considered include CMORPH-BLD; TRMM-3B42; CHIRPS; CHIRPS-PL; and TRMM-3B42RT. Prior to validation, the gauged rainfall dataset was verified using double mass curve (DMC) analysis to eliminate questionable and inconsistent readings. This led to the improvement of the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) between the station of interest and its surroundings by 13.9% (0.758–0.863), together with an average 11.8% increase with SPE products, whilst dropping only 7% of questionable dataset. Three different bias correction (BC) procedures were applied to correct SPE products using gauge-based gridded rainfall (GGR). Once DMC and BC procedures were implemented together, the performance of the SPE products was found to increase significantly. Finally, the application of the ensemble weighted average of the three best-performing bias-corrected SPE products (Bias-CMORPH-BLD, Bias-TRMM-3B42, and Bias-CHIRPS) further enhanced the NSE to 0.907 and 0.880 in calibration and validation time periods, respectively. The proposed DMC-based correction SPE and the weighting procedure of multiple SPE products allows for an easy means of obtaining daily rainfall in remote locations with sufficient accuracy.

Water Consumption and Utilization of Various Sectors in Basco, Batanes, Philippines

Increasing population and growing commercial and business establishment translate to rising demand for water. Water is a finite resource needing proper management to continuously provide humans’ basic needs. In the Philippines, the most populated municipality in the northernmost island province, Basco, Batanes, is highly dependent on Racuaranum Spring within Mt. Iraya watershed as its source of water. The municipality faces challenges with its water resource management coupled with the growing water demand from households, commercial establishments, institutions, and tourism. The water utilization of these sectors were recorded and a 10-year projection of their demand and supply were plotted. Sectoral survey, focus group discussion, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis were employed to assess their water consumption and utilization. The households extract water for general use from groundwater and from the watershed. The other sectors mostly sourced their water through the Basco Waterworks System (BWWS). With the growing number of water consumers, the demand-supply projection showed a high-water demand in the domestic and commercial sectors surpassing actual and potential supply. To address this, the study suggested enactment of municipal ordinances on proper water resource management and service facilities taking into consideration its growing commercial sector, including but not limited to its tourism industry.

The effect of climate change on groundwater resources availability: a case study in the city of Brescia, northern Italy

The impact of climate change on water availability is alarming, both globally and locally. The city of Brescia has a large reserve of water deriving from the aquifer, the presence of springs and numerous streams, for a water supply system serving 200,000 inhabitants. The aim of this study was to project Brescia’s spring discharge for two future periods 2040–2060 and 2080–2100. Observed climate components of precipitation and temperature for 20 years 2000–2020 with future data from regional climate model RCM runs on CORDEX database for three Representative Concentration Pathway RCP (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) were analyzed. The future scenarios show an increment of temperature with an increment of winter’s precipitation and a decrement for summer’s precipitation. This future change in climate components will impact the water balance that impacts the runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge. The two main springs of the city of Brescia are Mompiano and Cogozzo used to supply 50% of the water demand of the city in the past while it is occupied about 14% now. This drop was due to the growth of water needs, urbanization that affects the groundwater recharge and climate change. In the future, based on the study carried out, the results show a few impacts on water discharge from Mompiano and Cogozzo springs for the two periods and its clearer under RCP4.5 for period 2040–2060 that shows a decrease of about 7.8% and 3.94% respectively. This shows the importance of having a proper water resources management system to satisfy the water demand.

Simulation of the rainfall–runoff relationship using an HEC-HMS hydrological model for Dabus Subbasin, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

Abstract Hydrological modeling is important to provide relevant hydrologic information from limited data. In this study, Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used to simulate the rainfall–runoff relationship for the Dabus subbasin of the Blue Nile Basin. Daily precipitation and stream flow data from 2002 to 2019 were used as key input data for the model, together with soil and land use/land cover data, and a digital elevation model of the study area. Arc-GIS was employed in combination with Arc Hydro and HEC-GeoHMS tools for terrain processing and translating spatial information into model files for HEC-HMS, respectively. Model calibration was done with data from 2002 to 2014, while the validation was done from 2015 to 2019. Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (NSE), observation standardized ratio (RSR), and coefficient of correlation (R2) were used to assess the performance of the model. With NSE, RSR, and R2 values of 0.784, 0.334, and 0.816 for calibration, and 0.793, 0.323, and 0.875 for validation, the model simulation of stream flows was found in good agreement with the observed values. Therefore, the HEC-HMS model can be utilized to predict stream flows in ungauged catchments in the Dabus subbasin from measured rainfall data for proper water resource planning and management.